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A renal biopsy, or kidney biopsy, is a procedure to obtain a small tissue sample from the kidney for microscopic examination to diagnose and monitor kidney diseases. Performed under imaging guidance, it helps determine the cause of unexplained kidney problems, assess the severity of conditions like glomerulonephritis or transplant rejection, and guide treatment decisions. The tissue is analyzed for signs of damage or disease by a pathologist, providing crucial information for managing kidney conditions.

A liver biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of liver tissue is removed and examined under a microscope. It helps doctors diagnose liver diseases, determine the severity of liver damage, and guide treatment decisions.

A mammogram is a specialized X-ray of the breast used to detect early signs of breast cancer. It's a crucial tool for screening, especially for women over 40, and can also be used diagnostically if symptoms are present. During a mammogram, the breast is compressed between two plates to flatten the tissue, allowing for clearer images.

A Pap smear, also known as a Pap test or Papanicolaou test, is a screening procedure used to detect abnormal cell changes in the cervix that could potentially lead to cervical cancer. I