Introduction A USG scan (Ultrasonography), also known as sonography, is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce live images of internal body structures such as organs, tissues, and blood flow. It helps doctors observe the functioning and structure of internal organs without the need for surgery or radiation exposure.

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Principle of Ultrasound

The ultrasound machine sends high-frequency sound waves (1–20 MHz) into the body using a transducer (probe).
These sound waves bounce back (echo) when they hit different tissues or organs.
The returning echoes are captured and converted into real-time images on a monitor.

🔹 Equipment Used

  1. Transducer (Probe) – Emits and receives sound waves.

  2. Ultrasound Machine Console – Processes echo signals and displays images.

  3. Gel – Applied to the skin to remove air gaps and improve sound transmission.

  4. Monitor – Displays the live images.

🔹 Types of Ultrasound Scans

  1. Abdominal Ultrasound – Liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, bladder.

  2. Pelvic Ultrasound – Uterus, ovaries, prostate, urinary bladder.

  3. Obstetric Ultrasound – Monitors pregnancy, fetus growth, placenta, and amniotic fluid.

  4. Thyroid Ultrasound – Checks thyroid size and nodules.

  5. Breast Ultrasound – Detects lumps or cysts.

  6. Cardiac (Echocardiography) – Heart structure and function.

  7. Vascular Ultrasound – Blood flow in veins and arteries.

  8. Musculoskeletal Ultrasound – Muscles, ligaments, and joints.

  9. Transvaginal / Transrectal Ultrasound – For internal pelvic or prostate imaging.

  10. Doppler Ultrasound – Measures direction and speed of blood flow.

🔹 Procedure

  1. Preparation:

    • You may be asked to fast (for abdominal scans) or have a full bladder (for pelvic scans).

    • Remove metallic objects or jewelry near the scan area.

  2. During the Scan:

    • You lie down on a couch/table.

    • A clear gel is applied over the area.

    • The transducer is moved over the skin to capture images.

    • The process is painless and non-invasive.

  3. Duration: Usually takes 15–45 minutes depending on the area examined.

  4. After the Scan: You can immediately resume normal activities.

🔹 Uses and Diagnostic Applications

✅ Pregnancy:

  • Confirm pregnancy

  • Monitor fetal growth and heartbeat

  • Detect multiple pregnancies

  • Identify congenital abnormalities

✅ Abdomen:

  • Detect gallstones, kidney stones, liver disease, pancreatitis, tumors

✅ Heart (Echocardiogram):

  • Evaluate heart valve defects, chamber size, and pumping efficiency

✅ Vascular System:

  • Detect blockages, clots, or aneurysms in blood vessels

✅ Musculoskeletal:

  • Diagnose ligament injuries, tendon tears, and fluid accumulation

✅ Thyroid & Neck:

  • Identify nodules, cysts, or enlargement

✅ Breast:

  • Evaluate lumps and guide biopsy

✅ Guided Procedures:

  • Needle biopsy, cyst drainage, or fluid aspiration

🔹 Advantages of Ultrasound

  • Safe (no ionizing radiation)

  • Non-invasive and painless

  • Portable and widely available

  • Real-time imaging

  • Cost-effective

  • Useful for guiding procedures

🔹 Limitations

  • Cannot visualize bone structures or air-filled organs (like lungs, stomach with gas)

  • Operator-dependent – image quality depends on technician skill

  • Limited penetration in obese patients

  • Less detailed compared to CT or MRI for some organs

🔹 Risks

  • No known harmful effects from diagnostic ultrasound.

  • Completely safe for pregnant women and fetuses.

  • Rarely, slight discomfort due to pressure of probe.

🔹 Preparation Guidelines (Common)

Type of Scan Preparation
Abdominal USG Fast 6–8 hours before scan
Pelvic USG Drink plenty of water, full bladder needed
Obstetric USG Full bladder early pregnancy, not needed later
Thyroid/Neck No preparation
Vascular/Doppler Depends on region (may need fasting)

🔹 Interpretation of Results

A radiologist examines the images for:

  • Size, shape, and position of organs

  • Presence of cysts, tumors, stones, or fluid

  • Blood flow patterns (in Doppler)
    A detailed ultrasound report is then prepared for the referring doctor.

🔹 Conclusion

Ultrasonography (USG) is a safe, reliable, and versatile imaging tool used for diagnosing, monitoring, and guiding treatments.
Because it is non-invasive, affordable, and free of radiation, it is one of the most widely used imaging modalities, especially in pregnancy and abdominal investigations.
With modern advancements like 3D/4D ultrasound and Doppler imaging, its diagnostic value continues to increase.

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